Appropriate Short-Term Policies to Overcome the Foreign Exchange Crisis

During last years, there have been widespread investigations on foreign exchange rate and its problems, indicating the importance of foreign exchange rate as a key factor in an open economy. This rate influences many types of macroeconomic variables such as import, export, inflation, interest rate and governmental policies and economic decisions. Therefore, nowadays, it is a fundamental goal for governments to control the foreign exchange market. In this regard, the main hypothesis of our model is that Iran's economy is in foreign exchange crisis. And after proposing a new method for modeling of demand for money by using pressure index to foreign exchange market; some suggestions have been brought to control the foreign exchange crisis. Of course, regarding our research results, if central bank policies do not change stocks of foreign exchange, then foreign exchange rate fluctuations would not affect the currency market turbulence index. Keywords: Exchange rate, Portfolio, Foreign exchange crisis, Short-term policies, Money deman

Analysis of Fake Authorship from the Perspective of Communication and Hermeneutics

Literary works such as scientific works, after being created, inevitably attract people's attention and somehow, a kind of communication would be stablished between the work and the author. This communication is realized when it is efficient. Communication is effective if the authors of the work are real. Based on all hermeneutic theories, knowing the true authors, has a great impact on the formation of effective communication between the author and his audience through the interpretation and understanding of the text. When an unreal author is included in the work, the understanding of the audience is disturbed and effective communication is not formed. The main issue of this article is what effect does unreal creation have on the understanding of the audience? By using an analytical-descriptive method, we have come to the conclusion that this type of creativity disturbs the audience's understanding and ultimately makes efficient communication difficult

A New Approach to Consumption of Exhaustible Resources (Based on Islamic Justice and Hartwick Criteria)

Nowadays, there is an increasing attention to the resources scarcity issues. Because of failure in present patterns in the field of the allocation of exhaustible resources between generations and the challenges related to economic justice supply, it is supposed, to present a pattern from the Islamic perspective in this essay. By using content analysis of religious texts, we conclude that governments should remove the gap which is exists between the per capita income of the poor and their minimum consumption (necessary consumption). In order to preserve the exhaustible resources for poor people) not for all), between all generations, government should invest exhaustible resources on endless resources according to Hartwick’s criteria and should spend these benefits for poor people. But, if benefits did not cover the gap between minimum consumption and per capita income of poor levels in one generation, in this case, the government is responsible for covering this gap through the direct consumption of exhaustible resources. For an exact answer to this question, ‘how much of exhaustible resources should expense to maintain justice between generations?’ The theoretical and mathematical modeling has been used and proper function has been provided. The consumption pattern is presented for economic policy makers in Muslim countries, and non-Muslim even, it can be useful. JEL Classification: P46, Q38, O38, Q32 Keywords: Exhaustible Resources, Islamic Justice, Intergenerational Justice, Distribution of Resources, Hartwick Criteri

Pathology of the Inventive Step Requirement in the Patent Law with a Look at Iranian Law

The of the inventive step requirement, which apparently guarantees the growth of innovation and pursues industrial and economic development, despite enjoying some benefits, has always faced challenges, and in some cases such challenges are in conflict with the basis of the patent system, and it shows that the patent system is not always socially useful. The analysis of the mentioned challenges is mainly based on the economic principles and assessment tools of the requirement, i.e., examiners and person having ordinary skill in the art. Iran's patent system can also be criticized in terms of legislation and implementation and needs to be reformed. In this article, we intend to first examine the economic pathology regarding the assessment of the inventive step requirement in the patent system, then present the appropriate criterion that is similar to the copyright system, and explain the necessary suggestions

A New Hybrid Method of IPv6 Addressing in the Internet of Things

Humans have always been seeking greater control over their surrounding objects. Today, with the help of Internet of Things (IoT), we can fulfill this goal. In order for objects to be connected to the internet, they should have an address, so that they can be detected and tracked. Since the number of these objects are very large and never stop growing, addressing space should be used, which can respond to this number of objects. In this regard, the best option is IPv6. Addressing has different methods, the most important of which are introduced in this paper. The method presented in this paper is a hybrid addressing method which uses EPC and ONS IP. The method proposed in this paper provides a unique and hierarchical IPv6 address for each object. This method is simple and does not require additional hardware for implantation. Further, the addressing time of this method is short while its scalability is high, and is compatible with different EPC standards

Does price shock in electricity sector correct the consumption pattern in Iran?

Nowadays role and importance of energy and its effect on economy is inevitable. It has become one of the most significant elements in process of growth as well as development. Thus, considering its importance, energy planning is a pivotal issue in economic planning and it is necessary to know factor influencing energy consumption in order to devise any kind of policy about planning.  In order to do this, one needs to construct a theoretical pattern which represents the given economy in mathematical equations. Hence, due to realization of energy prices in Iran and importance of electricity, we have discussed this part of energy consumption. To do so, time series data for the period (1973-2007) has been used. Firstly, logarithm of the series is calculated and then using ADF, stationary of the series has been tested. As the next step, we have performed the Engle-Granger test to check for the spurious regression and finally a long-run relationship between the variables has been estimated. Our results indicate that the electricity is a necessary good and hence, the shocking approach is not an efficient one in order to rectify consumption patterns of electricity. Keywords: Realization of Prices, Price Elasticity of Electricity, Iranian Economy, Cash Subsidies

Preparation and Evaluation of Nicotine Slow Release Mucoadhesive Film for NRT**

Abstract Introduction: Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) with gradual decreasing the amount of nicotine is one of the smoking cessation methods. Nicotine dosage forms on the market are including gum and skin patches. Mucoadhesive formulations are the novel drug delivery systems that can be used for NRT. Mucoadhesive nicotine film (MNF) when placed in the upper gum, will adhere to mucosa and release the nicotine in a controlled manner. MNF will meet the immediate and long-term need of the individual to the nicotine, and could decrease his/her dependency on smoking. Methods and Results: The mucoadhesive films were prepared using different conventional bioadhesive polymers such as HPMC, PVP, Na Alginate, Ethyl cellulose and Eudragit RL100; and Glycerin as the plasticizer for formulations of nicotine hydrogen tartrate, which is more stable form of nicotine. The pharmaceutics characteristics of film include rate of drug release and in vitro adhesion, disintegration time and swallow amount were evaluated. The formulations make with PVP have improved adhesion properties and formulation with HPMC (6 cP) or Na.Alginate released nicotine in the average less than an hour. Drug release from formulations contains HPMC (15000cP) took long about 120 minutes, but in formulations contains Eudragit was within 4.5 to over 6 hours. Conclusions: The best formulation with suitable adhesion and rate of release contains Eudragit RL100 and Glycerin that release nicotine for 5 hour. NRT: Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) gives you nicotine – in the form of gum, patches, sprays, inhalers, or lozenges – but not the other harmful chemicals in tobacco. NRT can help relieve some of the physical withdrawal symptoms so that you can focus on the psychological (emotional) aspects of quittin

Experimental investigation on energy absorption of auxetic structures

The human being has always been looking for optimal use of his surrounding materials and over the years, has managed to invent various structures with special properties. Lattice structures are widely used in various applications due to their lower weight and desirable compressive strength. An example of these structures is the honeycomb that is very popular and many studies have been done about it. A new type of lattice structures is auxetic structure that has negative Poisson’s ratio due to its geometry. This characteristic has caused auxetic structures to have unique properties such as high shear strength, indentation resistance and energy absorption. Investigation of energy absorption of auxetic structures is a subject that has not been studied in researches. In this study, the ability of some auxetic structure for absorbing energy is investigated at quasi-static and low velocity impact transverse loading. Specimens with three types of geometries (re-entrant, arrowhead and anti-tetra chiral) are fabricated using additive manufacturing method (3D printing). Discussion about energy absorption and failure mechanisms of all three structures were carried out and compared in both types of loading